Girls would love to play these cool games for teenage girls on android devices, available to get free of cost. The No.1 store for free apps, games & videos - Download now! A trusted free mobile store with over 100K mobile apps and having served more than 1 billion downloads. Welcome to Adult App Mart, your source for porn on android and sex on android! Join now to get the best deals on porn app downloads and free sex virtual games! GetJar is the biggest open appstore in the world, currently listing 932045+ apps with more than 3M downloads per day. Rooting is the process of allowing users of smartphones, tablets and other devices running the Android mobile operating system to attain privileged control (known as. About This App LAST UPDATED: Jan 03, 2013 CURRENT VERSION: 1.1 REQUIREMENTS: Android 1.6 or above APP SIZE: 2.3MB APP SCORE: Avg. Androidrank market analysis, stats and rankings. Founded in 2011, grew out of a vision of collecting interesting market stats on android apps, developers and history. From news readers, utilities and games, to photo editors, media players and social networking tools, here are 40 of our favorite free Android apps. App Builder for busy small business owners Build Android and iOS apps quickly and without writing a single line of code. 100% free to build Easy to use Drag and drop. Rooting (Android OS) - Wikipedia. Rooting is the process of allowing users of smartphones, tablets and other devices running the Androidmobile operating system to attain privileged control (known as root access) over various Android subsystems. As Android uses the Linux kernel, rooting an Android device gives similar access to administrative (superuser) permissions as on Linux or any other Unix- like operating system such as Free. BSD or OS X. Rooting is often performed with the goal of overcoming limitations that carriers and hardware manufacturers put on some devices. Thus, rooting gives the ability (or permission) to alter or replace system applications and settings, run specialized applications (. On Android, rooting can also facilitate the complete removal and replacement of the device's operating system, usually with a more recent release of its current operating system. Root access is sometimes compared to jailbreaking devices running the Apple i. OS operating system. However, these are different concepts: Jailbreaking is the bypass of several types of Apple prohibitions for the end user, including modifying the operating system (enforced by a . Only a minority of Android devices lock their bootloaders, and many vendors such as HTC, Sony, Asus and Google explicitly provide the ability to unlock devices, and even replace the operating system entirely. Thus, it is primarily the third aspect of i. OS jailbreaking (giving users administrative privileges) that most directly correlates to Android rooting. Overview. Rooting lets all user- installed applications run privileged commands typically unavailable to the devices in the stock configuration. Rooting is required for more advanced and potentially dangerous operations including modifying or deleting system files, removing pre- installed applications, and low- level access to the hardware itself (rebooting, controlling status lights, or recalibrating touch inputs.) A typical rooting installation also installs the Superuser application, which supervises applications that are granted root or superuser rights by requesting approval from the user before granting said permissions. A secondary operation, unlocking the device's bootloader verification, is required to remove or replace the installed operating system. In contrast to i. OS jailbreaking, rooting is not needed to run applications distributed outside of the Google Play Store, sometimes called sideloading. The Android OS supports this feature natively in two ways: through the . However, some US carriers, including AT& T, prevented the installation of applications not on the Play Store in firmware. Other vendors of Android devices may look to other sources in the future. Access to alternate apps may require rooting but rooting is not always necessary. Rooting an Android phone lets the owner add, edit or delete system files, which in turn lets them perform various tweaks and use apps that require root access. As a superuser has access to the device's system files, all aspects of the operating system can be customized with the only real limitation being the level of coding expertise. Devices, or sometimes even different variants of the same device, can have different hardware configurations. Thus, if the guide, ROM, or root method used is for a device variant with a different hardware setup, there is a risk of bricking the device. Then a modified firmware update can be installed which typically includes the utilities needed to run apps as root. For example, the subinary (such as an open- source one paired with the Superuser. A third- party supervisor application, like Superuser or Super. SU, can then regulate and log elevated permission requests from other applications. Many guides, tutorials, and automatic processes exist for popular Android devices facilitating a fast and easy rooting process. The process of rooting a device may be simple or complex, and it even may depend upon serendipity. For example, shortly after the release of the HTC Dream (HTC G1), it was discovered that anything typed using the keyboard was being interpreted as a command in a privileged (root) shell. Although Google quickly released a patch to fix this, a signed image of the old firmware leaked, which gave users the ability to downgrade and use the original exploit to gain root access. Manufacturer support. Some manufacturers, including LG, HTC, and Motorola, provide official support for unlocking the bootloader which allows for rooting without exploiting a vulnerability. There may be no root exploit available for new or recently updated phones, but one is usually available within a few months. Manufacturers had expressed concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software. Moreover, firmwares such as Omni. ROM and Cyanogen. Mod sometimes offer features for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium, such as tethering. Due to that, technical obstacles such as locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions have commonly been introduced in many devices. For example, in late December 2. Barnes & Noble and Amazon. Inc. The Nook Tablet 1. Barnes & Noble app store (without modding). Some manufacturers, including HTC. Device manufacturer HTC has announced that it would support aftermarket software developers by making the bootloaders of all new devices unlockable. These are similar in practice to Nexus devices, but for a premium and with no contract discounts. In 2. 01. 4, Samsung released a security service called Knox, which is a tool that prevents all modifying of system and boot files, and any attempts set an e. Fuse to 0x. 1, permanently voiding the warranty. The 1. 99. 6 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against DRM circumvention. The American implementation is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), which includes a process for establishing exemptions for non- copyright- infringing purposes such as rooting. The 2. 00. 1 European Copyright Directive implemented the treaty in Europe, requiring member states of the European Union to implement legal protections for technological protection measures. The Copyright Directive includes exceptions to allow breaking those measures for non- copyright- infringing purposes, such as to run alternative software. In 2. 01. 1, Michael Geist, a Canadian copyright scholar, cited i. Phone jailbreaking as a non- copyright- related activity that overly- broad Copyright Act amendments could prohibit. According to the European Directive 1. CE, replacing the original operating system with another does not void the statutory warranty that covers the hardware of the device for two years unless the seller can prove that the modification caused the defect. Rooting may be a form of circumvention covered by that law, but this has not been tested in court. Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) rooting was illegal in the United States except by exemption. Copyright Office granted an exemption to this law . Copyright Office explicitly recognized an exemption to the DMCA to permit rooting. DMCA exemptions must be reviewed and renewed every three years or else they expire. On October 2. 8, 2. US Copyright Office updated their exemption policies. The rooting of smartphones continues to be legal . Copyright office refused to extend this exemption to tablets, arguing that the term . Copyright Office approved exemptions to the DMCA that allow users to root their devices legally. Retrieved 2. 6 October 2. Retrieved 2. 6 October 2. Retrieved December 1. Retrieved December 1. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved November 2. Retrieved 2. 2 November 2. Retrieved 6 January 2. Retrieved 6 January 2. Retrieved 3 October 2. Retrieved 3 October 2. Proceedings of the 2. Nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 1. Retrieved 9 December 2. Retrieved October 3. Retrieved January 1. Retrieved January 1. Retrieved January 4, 2. Retrieved January 4, 2. Retrieved January 4, 2. Retrieved January 4, 2. Archived from the original on January 5, 2. Retrieved 9 December 2. Retrieved January 4, 2. Sony Mobile Communications. Retrieved 9 December 2. Retrieved 9 December 2. Retrieved October 2. PC & Tech Authority. Retrieved January 2. Retrieved November 1. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved October 1. Retrieved October 1. Retrieved 2. 6 October 2. Retrieved January 2. Retrieved January 2. Centre for Internet and Society. Retrieved November 1. Retrieved November 1. Centre for Internet and Society. Retrieved November 1. Retrieved October 2. Computer. World New Zealand. Retrieved October 2. But there will be certain legal provisions. Retrieved November 1. The Situation is Better - and Worse - Than You Think . United States Copyright Office. Retrieved July 1. Retrieved October 2. Retrieved October 3. Lee (October 2. 5, 2. Retrieved October 2. Retrieved October 3. Retrieved October 2. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved September 1. Retrieved September 1. Kaspersky Antivirus & Security – . After detecting malware, the phone security app removes viruses and blocks dangerous apps, links & files.* . This protection tool allows you to turn on an alarm on the device remotely, lock and locate your phone, wipe personal information (messages, photos, and videos) and take a mugshot of the person currently using your device in the case of theft or loss. You can hide your contacts, phone calls and SMS texts from prying eyes, protect your vulnerable personal information and control what others can see if they pick up your device.**. You can independently set filtering rules for incoming calls and SMS texts, add unsolicited contacts to the black list, block SMS texts with ads and detect spam from non- numeric numbers. Get a 3. 0- day trial of premium functionality for FREE. 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For kids with special needs, a trail of their own. Spin a wheel and watch a rainbow of colors whir in front of you. Dating can often be a challenge for singles — especially online dating — but dating when you have a mental, physical, or emotional disability can make it that. Malta Special News Magazine. Educating the people of the world about the latest news and hygiene tips. Use our Christian dating service to meet local Christian singles online. Enjoy Christian chat rooms, IM, photos, Bible verses, and more. Join ChristianMingle.com today. Try another and hear the sound of rain. Advertismentof. Gallery: Run your fingers over a grid of oversize marbles. Rock back and forth inside a spinning wheel. Beat your hands on multicolored drums. Look up and you'll see tall trees, changing leaves, and maybe even a rare type of woodpecker. The outdoors fun at Doylestown Township's new Sensory Trail, tucked into a wooded corner of its Central Park, might well appeal to all ages. But it's not your typical playground. It is the only outdoor play space in the region - perhaps in the state, officials say - designed specifically for children with special needs. It might even be viewed as trailblazing - since its developers did not have standards from which to work, said Karen Sweeney, township director of parks and recreation. Yvonne Allen & Associates Australia's Leading Matchmakers since 1976! Contact us for Professional and Executive Matchmaking services in Sydney & Melbourne. At the same time, its activities appeal to any child - or adult - so that kids with different abilities and their siblings or friends can play in the same place. And it fills a void often felt by families with special- needs children.
Sweeney said the area has a large special- needs community, in part because local school districts have strong special- education programs. Although it is particularly attractive to those on the autism spectrum, it can be beneficial for any child, including those with attention- deficit disorders or physical disabilities, Schweizer said. Some of the trail's stations stimulate muscles or brain activity, such as cycling with hands or listening to recordings of animals. Others, such as sitting in the semi- enclosed . All offer opportunities for creativity. Half of the funding came from a state grant and the other half was raised in the area, including donations from the Doylestown Lions Club, the Village Improvement Association of Doylestown, and Foundations Behavioral Health, Sweeney said. The response, in a word, is heartening. You have encouraged us in our mission — to provide quality news and watchdog journalism. Some of you have even followed through with subscriptions, which is especially gratifying. Our role as an independent, fact- based news organization has never been clearer. And our promise to you is that we will always strive to provide indispensable journalism to our community. Subscriptions are available for home delivery of the print edition and for a digital replica viewable on your mobile device or computer. Subscriptions start as low as 2. Official Match. com Blog . In 2. 01. 4, the two connected on Match. Free dating web site for singles. More than 5 million members from all over the world. Get today's top celebrity news, celebrity photos, style tips, exclusive video, and more on UsMagazine.com, the official website of Us Weekly. Struggling with which free dating site will help you find love or a little somethin' somethin'? Try out these expertly-reviewed suggestions. Dating news, photos and opinion. Start your workday the right way with the news that matters most.
Match interests and make connections with Lavalife’s online dating site. Browse profiles, send messages and meet new people today. Try it free for 7 days! Sometimes, the best romances start as friendships. Take Adrian and Williams for example. In 2014, the two connected on Match. After going out a few times, the pair. After going out a few times, the pair recognized a certain chemistry between them, but both agreed it was more friendly than romantic. Instead of going the relationship route, they decided to become friends. Free Dating Sites: Tips to date free or cheaply. One in four people now meet their partner online. Yet with 1,7. 00 online dating sites in the UK alone, it can be tough to sort the good from the bad, ugly and downright strange. We've 2. 0 tips to help you find The One online, including top free sites, discounts on paid- for sites, cheap date tricks and much more. How to date online - and pay less! Don't feel embarrassed about online dating. If you're embarrassed about looking for Mr or Ms Right online, don't be. A recent poll on our Facebook page shows there's no longer a stigma about online dating, with 9. Here are some Money. Savers' experiences for inspiration. Please share yours in our Online Dating Tips forum discussion. Met my lady nearly six years ago on Match. August. Way to go!- Mike. Met my partner online, been together five years and have a gorgeous little girl. I know it doesn't work for everyone. But don't knock it till you try it!- CLAREI met my partner online on a free dating site and we're very much in love. I agree it's quite a daunting experience, but once you sift out the players, it can be positive.- FAIRYFOOTSOnline dating safety - the key need- to knows. Though most people use dating sites without any serious problems, it's important to keep your wits about you when you're dealing with strangers. These are our key pointers for staying safe: Tell friends where you'll be on the first date When you feel ready to meet your online date face- to- face, make sure someone knows where you're going. Also tell them who you're meeting, and when you'll be back. Only share personal details when you've got to know the other person, and you're sure it's a genuine online dater based in the UK. Similarly, only go with a site you're happy with, and check its feedback online - it may be better to go with a bigger established site you've heard of than an unknown name. Don't assume paid sites are safer Be vigilant with both. Sites that require payment do not automatically deter them. If you're in immediate danger, call 9. Meet in a public place. We know seclusion can be romantic - but best to leave it till you know 'em better. Trust your instincts. Don't rush into meeting up just because your free trial's about to end (or because they 'liked' your profile). Get to know them properly first - your safety's more important. If it doesn't feel right, move on. Of course, dating websites are a huge boon in the digital age. Used right, they can be fantastic tools to help you filter through thousands of potential matches at speed. They can get real results - here's a Money. Saver's success story to inspire you. Joined an online dating site and after a couple of months I met Damian. We emailed and spoke online for a few weeks, before talking on the phone most nights. We eventually met up for our first date and have never looked back. We've now been married nearly two years, and have an 1. Rachael. Make your profile stand out Your profile will be your first introduction to your future match, so here are some key tips to help get it right: Say what you're looking for. If you're after a soulmate and they just want a quick fumble in the bushes, it'll only waste your time. If it's you that's after a quick fumble, don't be too boorish - make sure they're happy too. Upload several recent photos. You'll get more interest if you upload a few snaps of yourself, rather than just one. Spelling mistaykes ain't sexy. Take your time and think about how you want to come across. You could even get a trusted friend to read it first. Ask friends how they'd describe you. Even if you don't think you're anything special, they may see you as a great cook or gentle giant. Say something interesting. If you've interests or hobbies, these can help you stand out. So if you're a huge Star Trek fan, don't think you have to hide it. It gives matches something to talk about. Make it clear who you are. If your pics are all group shots, suitors may not know which is you. Avoid exes - this isn't the place for your old wedding photos. Avoid cringeworthy cliches. Steer clear of phrases such as . Your date will quickly realise you're not a seven- foot human rights lawyer who rows part- time for Team GB when they meet you. Fibs lead to disappointment all round. How to secure yourself a date. When sending that first message, don't just cut and paste the same reply to everyone. It pays to show that you actually read their profile. Don't fall for unwanted dating site upsells. Many dating sites offer pricey membership upgrades to bump up their profits. Yet only sign up to a premium package if you need it, you know exactly what it includes, and you'll actually use the extras, eg, a more prominent profile or easier messaging. For example, Match. Zoosk encourages you to buy Zoosk Coins, which you can spend on extra features such as getting your profile higher up in search results. It's worth starting off with a basic package to see how you get on, so you don't shell out unnecessarily. If you aren't getting many replies, it could simply be you've picked the wrong type of site for your needs, or your profile needs a bit more polish - see how to make your profile stand out. Top tips to help on your first date. Once you're sure you've snagged a winner online, your first face- to- face date is a crucial part of the process to see if there's real chemistry between you. To help: Chat on the phone before meeting. This'll help screen out any unsuitables, plus it'll help you build common ground to talk about when you first meet. But only give out your number when you're sure. Go on a 'pre- date'. Check if they're dreamy or a dud with a quick 'pre- date' to see if you want to invest time and money in a full date. A coffee during a work lunchtime's ideal - ensure there's a defined end time. First impressions count. If you've had all your online dates in your PJs with a TV dinner, this isn't the time to follow suit. Dress to impress, and don't be late. Relax - be yourself! Easier said than done if you've first- date jitters, but remember they'll be nervous too. So don't worry too much, and enjoy it. Don't drink too much. It's easy to do if nervous on a first date, but it's far safer to stay sober if you've only met online (please be Drinkaware). Make sure someone knows where you're going. Tell a good friend where you're going, who you're meeting, and when you'll be back. Take a mobile phone and arrange to let them know when you've got back home safely - and tell your date that others know where you are. Use protection! We don't want to sound like your mum, but if passions are high, you don't want to return with more than you planned for. See the Family Planning Association for contraception and STI info. If you're strapped for time for your first meeting, here's one forumite's tip to help: A pal has been very active on internet dating for some time now. One of her rules is that she always tries to meet any date in her lunch hour. She says an hour's long enough to give you an idea of whether you're both interested. If you're not, it's only an hour to perservere rather than be stuck with someone for a whole evening.- chickalittle. Beware dating site auto- renewals. Before you sign up, always check the terms to see if it'll automatically continue to take payments once your initial contract's ended. If you can't opt out, set a free Tart Alert reminder for the contract's end, or a separate phone reminder, so you remember to cancel if you no longer need it. Even after you cancel, always do a full audit of regular payments to check you aren't still paying. See Cancel Direct Debits for help. A drink's cheaper than a meal - don't waste cash on a dud. If you're looking for a first date venue, a nice cafe or bar's a far more Money. Saving choice than a restaurant. As you'll only need to buy a drink, you won't have to fork out for a posh dinner only to find they don't live up to your expectations. Plus you won't feel you need to sit through an entire meal together if you don't hit it off - and if you do, a drink and a chat together can last for as long as you want. One forumite's experience: My first date was pretty cheap and cheerful - two drinks in a pub, one of which was non- alcoholic as we were both driving. Then if you think you're in it for the long haul, it could be worth buying a few months upfront to save. Most online dating sites charge less per month the longer you sign up for. For example, on Match. The catch is you're locked in and usually won't get your money back if you meet your soulmate in your first month. Set up a separate email address. If you decide to take the plunge, it's a good idea to set up a separate email address just for any online dating accounts. Use this for dating site sign- ups and getting in touch with others - this way it'll protect your personal email from unwanted attention if things go wrong, or any online dating site spam. Think twice about using your work email address too. More free ways to meet your future partner. If you'd rather not use dating sites, you could try other social networking sites such as Facebook to meet friends of friends, as well as the MSE forum (see below). Plus there's a wealth of free local groups on Gumtree, from choirs and sports clubs to folk just looking for friends for chats over coffee - just click on your area to find them. Of course, dating existed long before the internet muscled in. If you're looking to meet like- minded people offline, you could try volunteering - there's a useful list of resources to help find placements on Gov. It's possible to get into big paid music festivals for free through volunteer schemes - see the Free Festivals page for info. Or you could ask a close friend to set you up with an eligible single friend they think you'd get on well with. Some inspiration from the forums: How about matchmaking? It has worked for my husband and I, we were matched by a friend many years ago. Dating Tips for Women from Men. Seven Tips to Be a Savvy Dater: What Men Never Tell You. While our male counterparts can confuse the heck out of us Dignity Daters, sometimes they can be the best when it comes to dishing out dating advice.
Dating as an institution is a relatively recent phenomenon which has mainly emerged in the last few centuries. From the standpoint of anthropology and sociology.CraveOnline.com is a property of CraveOnline Media, LLC, an Evolve Media, LLC company. NOT IN ANY WAY ASSOCIATED WITH CRAVE ENTERTAINMENT. Now that you have access to the Dating with Dignity’s Men’s Advice Column (Starting with these seven dating tips for women from men!), you’ll never be confused again. Don’t let a man become the center of your universe. If you make a man your whole life, he’s going to lose interest because he will most likely feel smothered! Remember, he fell in love with the dynamic “you” who has her own interests and passions who wanted to make him a part of your life, not the whole darn thing. Men are attracted to confident women who get the concept of “interdependence.” Interdependence requires that you’re both independent and dependent; that means you create sacred space for your relationship as well as sacred space for your work, passions and friends. Don’t lose the things that are most important to you, and keep doing what you were doing before you started dating him: your Sunday morning yoga class, a yearly vacation with your college roommates, etc. Don’t overindulge on a date. While you might think it cute to have three glasses of wine at dinner, he does not. Let him get to know you as you are. If you need to loosen up before a date, watch a comedy right before you leave or take a walk. Also, order a real dinner. One guy told us that he went on a first date and his date wouldn’t order any food because she wasn’t “hungry.” But then every time he cut a piece of steak on his plate, she reached over and ate it! Best to leave your glass half full and your plate empty(ish). Some men ARE afraid of commitment (so they might need a little more time than you to decide if you’re the one). Even if a guy is relationship ready, if you bring up on date three that you’re ready for a relationship he’ll likely question whether you really want to be in a relationship with HIM or if you’re ready for a relationship with anyone. He’s going to wonder how after two dinners and one museum trip you already know that you want him to be your boyfriend. So even though it’s great to let a new guy know where you are in your life or about your dating goals, take the time to get to know him before you decide. As a result, he’ll feel a whole lot better about the possibility of having a relationship if you give him a little time. Don’t rush the getting- to- know- each- other part. Not only is this phase of dating exciting, but it also allows you time to “data date” and collect the information you need to determine if he’s boyfriend material AND someone you want to be in a relationship with. We always want you to invite us in after a first date, but we secretly hope you’ll say no. If you want to show a man that you’re girlfriend material, don’t hook up with him on the first date. It will probably make him wonder if you would do the very same thing with every other Tom, Dick and Harry. This is also a good way to feel out whether he’s looking for some casual fun or something a little more serious. Often we believe that a man will expect us to get physical from the get- go and that if we don’t, men will lose interest if it doesn’t happen right away. In fact, it’s actually the opposite. It’s not a deal breaker every time, but it does make the “getting to know you” part more complicated. Don’t call us all the time. If you’re consistently calling, texting, emailing, and doing all the asking out, a man won’t have to lift a finger. Let the communication be balanced. This is not to say that you can’t ever reach out to a man you’re dating, but let him do the asking out–at least in the early stages. If you’re both interested in each other, there will be a natural balance in the amount of communication. If you feel like you may be guilty of over- calling, take a break and see if he comes back and puts in the effort. You deserve someone who wants to reach out to you, call you, and ask you out. Don’t assume you are exclusive. As scary as it may seem to talk to your man about not seeing other people, it’s even scarier to just assume he isn’t seeing other people. Words are helpful, and you should use them sometimes. So he tells you he wants to introduce you to his sister? Still doesn’t mean you’re exclusive. Try something like, “You know, I’d really like not to see other people. How do you feel about that?” If he gives you an answer you aren’t looking for, buh- bye. And if he gives you a yes, fantastic! Men aren’t all the same, so give them a chance! So even though these dating tips from men can be very helpful, men are ultimately individuals. Let them show up and show you how much they’re interested! Men are often more helpful than not, right? So if these seven dating tips for women from men weren’t enough for you, check back for more soon. Ready to get serious about finding the right guy?
Dating - Wikipedia. Dating is a stage of romantic or sexual relationships in humans whereby two or more people meet socially, possibly as friends or with the aim of each assessing the other's suitability as a prospective partner in a more committed intimate relationship or marriage. It can be a form of courtship that consists of social activities done by the couple. The protocols and practices of dating, and the terms used to describe it, vary considerably from country to country and over time. While the term has several meanings, the most frequent usage refers to two or more people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other. Try some of my favorite cute text messages listed below and see what happens! Cute text messages: Falling in love with you is the second best thing in the world. How to Write a Good Online Dating Profile. Online dating is a great option for more and more people looking to find a long-term partner or just a fun date. Online dating profile examples for men that get women to send you messages. With the use of modern technology, people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person. This term may also refer to two or more people who have already decided they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other. These people will have dates on a regular basis, and they may or may not be having sexual relations. This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage. From the standpoint of anthropology and sociology, dating is linked with other institutions such as marriage and the family which have also been changing rapidly and which have been subject to many forces, including advances in technology and medicine. As humans have evolved from hunter- gatherers into civilized societies and more recently into modern societies, there have been substantial changes in the relationship between men and women, with perhaps one of a few remaining biological constants being that both adult women and men must have sexual intercourse for human procreation to happen. Neurobiologist. Robert Sapolsky constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being tournament species, in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and pair bond arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life. However, one particularity of the human species is that pair bonds are often formed without necessarily having the intention of reproduction. In modern times, emphasis on the institution of marriage, generally described as a male- female bond, has obscured pair bonds formed by same- sex and transsexual couples, and that many heterosexual couples also bond for life without offspring, or that often pairs that do have offspring separate. Thus, the concept of marriage is changing widely in many countries. Historically, marriages in most societies were arranged by parents and older relatives with the goal not being love but legacy and . While pair- bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, marriage was reserved for heterosexual pairings and had a transactional nature, where wives were in many cases a form of property being exchanged between father and husband, and who would have to serve the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair- bonds in places such as Europe; in China, society . Men and women became more equal politically, financially, and socially in many nations. Women eventually won the right to vote in many countries and own property and receive equal treatment by the law, and these changes had profound impacts on the relationships between men and women. Parental influence declined. In many societies, individuals could decide—on their own—whether they should marry, whom they should marry, and when they should marry. A few centuries ago, dating was sometimes described as a . Still, dating varies considerably by nation, custom, religious upbringing, technology, and social class, and important exceptions with regards to individual freedoms remain as many countries today still practice arranged marriages, request dowries, and forbid same- sex pairings. Although in many countries, movies, meals, and meeting in coffeehouses and other places is now popular, as are advice books suggesting various strategies for men and women. It generally happened in that portion of a person's life before the age of marriage. People became more mobile. Cars extended the range of dating as well as enabled back- seat sexual exploration. In the mid- twentieth century, the advent of birth control as well as safer procedures for abortion changed the equation considerably, and there was less pressure to marry as a means for satisfying sexual urges. New types of relationships formed; it was possible for people to live together without marrying and without children. Information about human sexuality grew, and with it an acceptance of all types of sexual orientations is becoming more common. Today, the institution of dating continues to evolve at a rapid rate with new possibilities and choices opening up particularly through online dating. Dating as a social relationship. Behavior patterns are generally unwritten and constantly changing. There are considerable differences between social and personal values. Each culture has particular patterns which determine such choices as whether the man asks the woman out, where people might meet, whether kissing is acceptable on a first date, the substance of conversation, who should pay for meals or entertainment. Among the Karen people in Burma and Thailand, women are expected to write love poetry and give gifts to win over the man. For example, director Blake Edwards wanted to date singing star Julie Andrews, and he joked in parties about her persona by saying that her . If two unmarried celebrities are seen in public together, they are often described as . A related sense of the term is when two people have been out in public only a few times but have not yet committed to a relationship; in this sense, dating describes an initial trial period and can be contrasted with . Often physical characteristics, personality, financial status, and other aspects of the involved persons are judged and, as a result, feelings can be hurt and confidence shaken. Because of the uncertainty of the whole situation, the desire to be acceptable to the other person, and the possibility of rejection, dating can be very stressful for all parties involved. Some studies have shown that dating tends to be extremely difficult for people with social anxiety disorder. And the number of these businesses has surged since 2. This may be combined with displacement gestures, small repetitive fiddles that signal a desire to speed things up and make contact. When approaching a stranger you want to impress, exude confidence in your stance, even if you're on edge. Pull up to your full height in a subtle chest- thrust pose, which arches your back, puffs out your upper body and pushes out your buttocks. Roll your shoulders back and down and relax your facial expression.— Judi James in The Guardian, . A Pew study in 2. Internet users in long- term relationships including marriage, found that many met by contacts at work or at school. For example, it is a common belief that heterosexual men often seek women based on beauty and youth. In addition to the deterimental effects of upholding limited views of relationships and sexual and romantic desires, stereotypes also lead to framing social problems in a problematic way. For example, some have noted that educated women in many countries including Italy and Russia and the United States find it difficult to have a career as well as raise a family, prompting a number of writers to suggest how women should approach dating and how to time their careers and personal life. Yet the advice comes with the assumption that the work- life balance is inherently a . In many societies there is a view that women should fulfill the role of primary caregivers, with little to no spousal support and with few services by employers or government such as parental leave or child care. Accordingly, an issue regarding dating is the subject of career timing which generates controversy. Some views reflect a traditional notion of gender roles. For example, Danielle Crittenden in What Our Mothers Didn't Tell Us argued that having both a career and family at the same time was taxing and stressful for a woman; as a result, she suggested that women should date in their early twenties with a seriousness of purpose, marry when their relative beauty permitted them to find a reliable partner, have children, then return to work in their early thirties with kids in school; Crittenden acknowledged that splitting a career path with a ten- year baby- raising hiatus posed difficulties. Columnist Maureen Dowd quoted comedian Bill Maher on the subject of differing dating agendas between men and women: . With the advent of a changing workplace, the increased participation of women in the labor force, an increasing number of men who are picking up their share of parenting and housework. Going out on a limb can be roller- coaster scary because none of us want to be rejected or to have our heart broken. But so what if that happens? I, for one, would rather fall flat on my face as I serenade my partner (off- key and all) in a bikini and a short little pool skirt than sit on the edge of the pool, dipping my toes in silence. One dating adviser agreed that love is risky, and wrote that . For example, when the 1. The Rules appeared, it touched off media controversy about how men and women should relate to each other, with different positions taken by New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd. According to one report, there was a 1. Sara Mc. Corquodale suggests that women meeting strangers on dates meet initially in busy public places, share details of upcoming dates with friends or family so they know where they'll be and who they'll be with, avoid revealing one's surname or address, and conducting searches on them on the Internet prior to the date. 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But no matter what niche a dating service has, or how distinguished it is, there will always be a bunch of people on it (mostly guys) who just want to hook up. Usually, they’re so desperate for a quick bang that they don’t even hide their hope to score. Well fellas (and ladies), if you’re looking for a quick fix, there’s now an app for that. Pure is only here to help you sex up and not hate yourself after. We are NOT embarrassed to be on this app. It’s kind of classy. Well, “classy” may be a little too generous. After all, you are still soliciting sex from strangers via the Internet. But Pure is full of people who supposedly want the same thing as you, and it makes a point not to mix business (or anything else) with pleasure. We were invited to try out Pure, and as you can see from the pictures on the right, we weren’t shy about signing up for a hook- up app at all. You won’t have to link your Facebook account or other social network presences to Pure. Your presence on the service is minimal at all times. So minimal that your photo and information is only hosted on the app for an hour at a time; then it’s all wiped away until you make it available again. This is a blessing and a curse for Pure. It’s great that your shameful moment of need isn’t chronicled on the internet for all time and all to see. At the same time, your listing – consisting of up to five pictures, a tagline, and your location – isn’t really around long enough to catch the attention of someone if there’s no one experiencing the same urge as you at the exact same time. The larger the body of population around you, the better luck you’re likely to have but the range is so limited that you’re more likely to have your call go unheeded (as we did), meaning you’ll have to repeat the process again in an hour, compounding your desperation. You could run out of tickets quickly depending on how desperate or proficient you are at the act of intercourse. There’s also a catch you should know about: only your first five hook up attempts are free. To make a listing, you’ll need a ticket. By downloading the app, you’re given five free tickets to start. Each one is good for one hour of your profile being visible by potential partners. But regardless of the success of the posting, you will have to spend a ticket each time. Obviously, you could run out of tickets quickly depending on how desperate you are or how proficient you are at the act of intercourse. At that point, you’ll have to buy additional tickets to continue your adventures. When (or if) someone does see your listing, the will have a simple “Yes” or “No” option to show interest. No means they’ll never even know about you. Saying yes will make the user aware of your interest in them. If they have a similar attraction to you, you’ll be able to request more photos or open communication via chat to plan a meet up. All of this theoretically takes place within that limited hour window of availability. Paktor has started 2017 with another acquisition, buying US hookup app Down. The deal was for “several million”, and follows Paktor’s acquisition of. The adult-oriented hookup app Mixxxer launched last week to help help users find nearby hookups without the hassle. Mixxxer Hookup App You Want Hookups? You Are Going To Get Hookups - Thanks To This Free App. Bang With Friends, an app that lets you find Facebook friends who are equally interested in having sexual relations, has returned to Apple’s App Store under a new. World These Are The World’s Most Popular Hookup Apps For All Genders. Because dating is hard, no matter where you live. Yeah, okay. This is embarrassing. It is still the Internet, but Pure seems like an especially safe place for women, which could be good because men usually outnumber them by huge margins. Most online dating services are mostly a patience test for women who have to wade through a lot of junk (we’re speaking metaphorically, of course). The easy “thumbs up” or “thumbs down” function gives girls a much easier way to find a partner without being exposed to everyone. And for guys using Pure, you’ll never feel out of bounds sharing your desires. After all, you’re both there for the same thing. If Pure gets one thing right, it’s the privacy factor. People who want to hook up on a system like this value privacy. Down Hook Up App\But those who aren’t the type for finding sex in an app may not view Pure in the purest light, so keeping profiles out of the public eye and the line of ridicule is probably best for everyone. But an hour really isn’t a lot of time. Maybe Pure isn’t for the particularly picky? If you’ve got a free night in a big city, Pure just might do the trick for you. But for those of you who live in smaller towns, don’t want to have sex with strangers, or are particular about your partner, you’ll likely want to scout your options for more than an hour. And for that, we definitely cannot recommend Pure. Do you find hook-up apps like Grindr and Tinder too complex? Then maybe the new app Pure is for. All you’ll get from it is a hard deadline, a few pictures, and a short corny tagline. You can try your luck and sign up for the Pure Beta for i. Phone here and it’s coming to Google Play. Up Down App StoreGo out there, live and find fwb!< 3 < 3 < 3 CHAT & DATING MADE EASY < 3 < 3 < 3. Get 1. 0 new awesome people to date you in DOWN every day!+ Nearby Picks: Get 1. Date the honest way: If you're looking for a fast date or match, say GET DOWN. It will make you get matches and dates! 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In their official statement about the Tichelman- Hayes case, Seeking Arrangement wrote: “We are shocked to learn of this tragedy and we would like to convey our deepest sympathies to Mr. Seeking. Arrangement. Our terms of use are clear: escorts and prostitutes are strictly prohibited. In this case, the suspect’s profile did not indicate that she was using the site inappropriately. This is a situation where two people entered into a consensual extramarital relationship, and happened to meet on our site. This is not a story about Seeking. Arrangement. This appears to be a case about recreational drug use gone wrong.”Seeking Arrangement, to its credit, does offer a background check service. Sex crimes, domestic violence, violent crimes, misdemeanors, and other criminal issues can cause an individual to fail Seeking Arrangement’s background check. Some Seeking Arrangement Sugar Babies Are Trying to Pay For College. Check out the 2. 0/2. Sugar Babies in the UK, Florida, Las Vegas, and many other places have reportedly turned to Seeking Arrangement in order to pay for their college tuition. One Arizona State student reportedly was “gifted” a couple thousand dollars in exchange for a non- sexual relationship she started through Seeking Arrangement. Some Sugar Babies See Nothing Wrong With Making Arrangements. In the video above from the official Seeking Arrangement You. Tube channel, people who can’t afford “Obamacare” are offered the chance to join Seeking Arrangement. In an infamous article written for New York Magazine, a writer working under the pen name Ariel Black shared her experiences with being a sugar baby. Black argued that, despite what some detractors might say, there’s nothing inherently wrong with a “sugar” relationship: “Eyebrows may raise, but I see no moral issue here. In fact, if there’s anything unbalanced about this equation, it’s in his favor. That, by the way, is the easy part. It’s the emotional labor that’s challenging: I do all the grown- up relationship work, from planning our dates to downright mothering.”5. Seeking Arrangement Has a Sister Site Where You Can Bid on a Date. Check out an interview with Seeking Arrangement CEO Brandon Wade in the video above. VICE reports that Seeking Arrangement has branched out, creating a number of sister sites. These sites include the “no gold diggers allowed” millionaire dating site Seeking. Millionaire, as well as the bribe- to- date service Carrot Dating. Another sister service, What’s Your Price, allows men to bid for a first date with a beautiful woman. The site boasts that it has helped users set up over 2. Cops say this high- priced hooker murdered this Google exec with a heroin injection and watched him die — on camera. Click here to read more. Before Amerigo Vespucci set out to explore the New World, he was a pickle peddler in Seville, Spain. Since food spoilage and the lack of healthy meals. Sheet1 Picture card given away with Gossage's Bodyguard Soap - 'Butterflies & Moths' series No.5 Common Blue Butterfly 2011.38.3 Picture card given away with Gossage. Crowleytown’s Atlantic Glass Works in Crowleytown, New Jersey, is often credited with producing the first Mason jars, which were embossed with the words “Mason. Frequently Asked Questions - - Fruit Jars. Frequently. Asked Questions - - Fruit Jars. From: Dave Hinson. Summary: Assorted. Last- update. October 5, 2. Archives and past articles from the Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Philly.com.Sports journalists and bloggers covering NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, MMA, college football and basketball, NASCAR, fantasy sports and more. News, photos, mock drafts, game. Includes: history of glass insulators, insulator manufacturing companies, colors of antique glass insulators, glass insulator value, and other vintage glass insulator. Kerr Glass Manufacturing Corporation, Glass company, fruit jars, vintage and antique glass containers for canning, popular jar bought for home use. Fruit Jar FAQ c. 1. Dave Hinson. Version 1. I make no claims or. The information has been obtained from various sources or based on my. Overview. 1 Styles, types and. What is a Mason. Jar? What is a. Lightning Jar? What do the. there a source for new rubber rings to fit these lids? Historical. information and dating. How can I tell. the age of my old fruit jar? What are good. examples of Civil War era jars? Were crockery. vessels used in home canning? What was the. Consolidated Fruit Jar Company? Colors of Jars. 3. Why do some old. jars turn purple? Are amber or. olive green, jars worth more and why? What about pink. (light green, blue, yellow, and etc.) color pint jars? What's an. irradiated jar? What is it worth? What is a good. book on pricing jars? How much are my. Ball, Atlas, Kerr or Mason jars worth? I have a box. full of jars that are currently sitting in my garage. Tell me about. my.. Atlas jar. 5. 2 Ball jar. Kerr jar. 5. 4 Root fruit jar. Crown jar. 5. 6 Foster Sealfast. Drey jar. 5. 8 Presto jar. Jar embossed. . Co of New Jersey Patented July 1. Mason (star. emblem) Jar. Mom. Mason, who, at age. New York City. He perfected a machine that could cut threads. These jars freed farm families from having to rely on pickle. For urban. families, Mason Jars allowed excess fruits and vegetables to be preserved for. Historians. believe the first jars were made at Crowleytown's Atlantic Glass Works, in. Crowleytown, New Jersey. These are very rare. These. jars carry the familiar embossing . Jars carrying this embossing, often with other monograms, numbers. Most were produced in the. The identities of many actual manufacturers are unknown. Value. depends on embossing, color and size. Common mason jars are worth about $6 but. Subject: (1. 2) Tell. Lightning (Lightning style) jar. Lightning. jars represent an important advancement in the history of home canning and are. American culture. Some historians suggest that the term. These familiar jars with their glass lids and wire bales. In. 1. 88. 2, Henry William Putnam of Bennington, Vermont, invented a new kind of fruit. Charles de Quillfeldt. The Lightning. jars became popular because the glass lids prevented food contact with metal. The name Lightning suggested that the jars were quick and. Variations of the glass lid and wire- bale scheme of the Lightning. The. earliest advertisements for the Lightning jar date back to the year 1. Putnam also held exclusive ownership of the patents, and for many. The. Lightning jars were made by a number of glass companies in several states. Lyndeboro Glass, Lindboro, NH; Edward H. Everett of Newark, OH; Hazel. Glass of Washington, PA; JP Smith of Pittsburgh, PA; Moore Brothers in Clayton. NJ; Mannington Glass of Mannington, WV; Wellsburgh Glass and Mfg. There were also. variations of the Lightning jar produced in Australia. A. trademark patent was issued to H. W. Putnam in 1. 90. Lightning. When first made these jars were. Value. of Lightning jars varies greatly. Price is usually determined by size, style. There. were some reproduction amber Lightning jars from Taiwan produced in the 1. They have smooth lips, are dark amber in color and have Putnam 2. These jars are worth about $1. There could be legitimate Lightning. Putnam 2. 27 on base, although I've never actually asked anyone if they. Once you've seen a few repros it's pretty easy. Subject: (1. 3) What. At the end of the day the blower and his team would get paid for. Square Jars were made for the Smalley Fruit Jar Co. Other square jars date from the 2. A number of different companies did make the. Subject: (1. 5) What. Boyd cap and what kind of jar does it go on? Lewis. Boyd filed a patent in 1. This. innovation kept food from coming in contact with the zinc in the screw caps. Some of the Boyd jars were made by the Greenfield Fruit Jar and Bottle. Company in Greenfield, IN while others were made by the Illinois Glass. Company/Illinois Pacific Glass Company. These jars date from the 1. Lewis Boyd. Subject: (1. What. type of rubber ring went with the zinc caps that have a white porcelain inner side? The only source that I know of. Bay. The. modern two- piece metal cap and ring with a new jar is the best system for home. It can be dangerous to use the old lids and jars to can today. Subject: (2). Historical information and dating. Subject: (2. 1) How. I tell the age of my old fruit jar? It. is very difficult to determine the age of a fruit jar without seeing it. Probably the most important is the presence or absence. The pontil scar - a ring of glass or a black and red. Typically, American pontil. Another. age determiner is the presence of mold seams. Many of the earliest bottles or. Seams which stop short of the lip indicate that the bottle was. Machine- made jars (dating after about 1. Another. way to tell the general age of a jar is to examine it from top to bottom. Is. the top smooth to the touch or is it rough and ground off? Look at the base of. If the base of your jar has a round ring in it and the lip is smooth. If the jar has a large, rough and jagged ring on its. Owens machine was in. Machine- made jars after the 1. Most. jars with rough ground tops were made before 1. The ground lip resulted when. The blow- overs. were removed and the top was then ground flat. If. you have a clear jar that has turned purple then it was made before WWI when supplies. Manganese Dioxide, the chemical that causes old glass to turn purple in the. German blockades. If. your jar has gripping ridges on its side that allow a firmer grip on the jar. The. best way to determine the exact age of a fruit jar is to consult a research. Mason's patent was issued in. Consolidated Fruit Jar Company began making jars. Mason jar really begin catching on. Later, another major. Consolidated's bitter rival the Hero Fruit Jar company. Hero being in reference to the civil war. The jars carried a 'Hero's cross' as. Consolidated over patents. Wax. sealer jars as well as old canning crocks could be appropriate Civil War period. Some were made during the period. They are more. readily available and cost less to purchase than other Civil War era jars. The. old original . I have another Civil War era jar in my collection with. Again it looks. different than later jars. The shoulders are more curved and the jar has a. The Crowleytowns have the same curved shoulders but. They also look a. Another jar pioneer worth. Adam R. Samuel of the Keystone Glass Works, Philadelphia, PA who. Civil War era jars with heavy glass stoppers. Because. mason jar and fruit jar making really didn't take off until after the war, many. Civil War era jars are rare and collectible, some going for thousands of. The wax sealers mentioned above, however, go for appx. An. early example of a pottery jar used for home canning was what I call a. Some of these are. Manufacturers. used Mason's patent on crockery canning jars as well as the famous Weir patent. The jar sealed on. The Weir jar was the forerunner of the modern cheese jar you still. Swiss Colony or Hickory Farms. Some. crockery canning jars, especially those made in Red Wing, Minnesota are in. Red Wing pottery collectors. One good example is the Union Stoneware jar that uses a. Subject: (2. 4) What. Consolidated Fruit Jar Company? The. Consolidated Fruit Jar Company was in business at New Brunswick, New Jersey. In 1. 85. 9, Mason sold five of his early patents. Lewis R. Boyd and Boyd's company - The Sheet Metal. Screw Company. Boyd is most famous for patenting a white . In 1. 87. 1, for a brief period of time, Mason became a. Boyd in the Consolidated Fruit Jar Company. Consolidated hired. Clyde Glass Works, Clyde. New York, the Whitney Glass Works of Glassboro, New Jersey, and the A. Chambers Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Subject: 3 Colors. Jars. Subject: (3. Why. do some old jars turn purple? When. manufacturers produce glass, chemicals (clarifying agents) must be added to. Prior to the start of the First World War, manufacturers used. Manganese Dioxide as their chemical agent of choice to clarify glass. When a. jar or bottle turns purple from sunlight, manganese dioxide is the substance in. Russia was the. primary source of this chemical. When. the First World War broke out, our source of manganese dioxide was cut off by. German blockades. This sudden loss left glass manufacturers in a quandary and. After the. close of the war, manufacturers did not return to the use of manganese dioxide. Knowing this fact and the. If. your jar is purple, it is a pretty good bet it was made before W. W. I. Subject: (3. Are. amber or olive green jars worth more and why? Yes. jars in amber, cornflower blue, olive green, etc. The amber jars. were made that way as an attempt to keep fruit from turning brown. The amber. glass kept out the harmful effect of light rays on the contents of the jar. However, most olive green jars were made. The colors are usually quite dark and profound. The darker and more. Subject: (3. 3) What. Mason Patent Nov 3. The lid it has is not like the zinc ones, but appears. Actually. the pink jar is a new reproduction from China. They have been turning up in. The. regular old zinc lids don. These reproductions are copies of the. Hero jars made in the 1. Since the radiation. Usually these jars are either dark purple or kind of a. If the jar contains manganese dioxide, when irradiated it. If the jar contains. Sometimes these deep brown jars. If you. have any doubts, ask an experienced collector. One way you can tell if a jar. A collector in Michigan set an. You can order the book post paid for $3. P. O. You can also purchase. Subject: (4. 2) How. Ball, Atlas, Kerr or Mason jars worth? Well. the Ball, Kerr or Atlas jars tend to be fairly common. However, some jars can. These were generally. This will. be true of many (but not all) of the old blue or aqua colored Ball jars. If. they are clear they will probably be worth $1- 2 each. There are some odd and. Ball jars that are worth more including any misspellings of. History of Dundee - Wikipedia. Dundee (Scottish Gaelic: D. Its history begins with the Picts in the Iron Age. During the Medieval Era, it was the site of many battles. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the local jute industry caused the city to grow rapidly. In this period, Dundee also gained prominence due to its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of . It incorporates the place- name element d. One possibility is that it comes from the Gaelic 'D. Another is that it derives from 'Tay', and it is in this form, 'Duntay' that the town is seen in Timothy Pont's map (c. A kitchen midden of that date was unearthed during work on the harbour in 1. In Pictish times, the part of Dundee that was later expanded into the Burghal town in the twelfth/1. Circinn, later known as Angus. The battle was allegedly a decisive victory for the Picts, and Alpin is said to have been executed by beheading. John died without issue in 1. Margaret and, subsequently, to her youngest daughter, Dervorguilla. Dervorguilla's portion of the burgh later passed to her eldest surviving son, John Balliol, and the town became a Royal Burgh on the coronation of John as king in 1. The castle retaken by siege by the forces of William Wallace in 1. Battle of Stirling Bridge. In July 1. 54. 7, much of the city was destroyed by an English naval bombardment. In 1. 64. 5, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. Much of the city was destroyed and many of its inhabitants killed. Following John Balliol's renunciation (1. Edward I's claimed authority over Scotland, the English King twice visited Scotland with hostile intent. Edward (the 'Hammer of the Scots') revoked Dundee's royal charter, removing the town's people the right to control local government and the judiciary. He occupied the Castle at Dundee in 1. William Wallace in 1. From 1. 30. 3 to 1. Edward's removal resulted in the complete destruction of the Castle by Robert the Bruce, who had been proclaimed King of Scots at nearby Scone in 1. In 1. 32. 7, the Bruce granted the royal burgh a new charter. Later in the 1. 4th century, during the conflict between England and France known as the Hundred Years' War, the French invoked the Auld Alliance, drawing Scotland into the hostilities. Richard II subsequently marched northward and razed Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee. Dundee became a walled city in 1. English hostilities known as the rough wooing (Henry VIII's attempt to extend his Protestant ambitions north by marrying his youngest son Edward, Duke of Cornwall to Mary, Queen of Scots). The Wishart Arch was believed to be the only remaining part of the wall though a piece behind St Paul's Cathedral may have a survived, though this remains unconfirmed prior to further investigation. Mary maintained the alliance with the French, who captured Protestant opponents, including John Knox, at St Andrews Castle, in nearby east Fife, in July 1. That year, following victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the English occupied Edinburgh and went on to destroy much of Dundee by naval bombardment. The Howff Burial Ground, granted to the people of Dundee in 1. Mary. Civil Wars. However, with the outbreak of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in 1. Dundee began to suffer at the hands of nobles loyal to the King. The Royalist. James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose besieged Dundee in April 1. General Monck, commander of Cromwell's forces in Scotland, captured Dundee. His troops pillaged the royal burgh, destroying much of it and killing up to 2,0. John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee raised the Stuartstandard on Dundee Law in 1. For this early contribution to the Jacobite uprising, Graham quickly earned the name Bonnie Dundee. Dundee's location on a major estuary allowed for the easy importation of jute from the Indian subcontinent as well as whale oil—needed for the processing of the jute—from the city's large whaling industry. A substantial coastal marine trade also developed, with inshore shipping working between the city of Dundee and the port of London. The industry began to decline in the 2. Indian subcontinent. The city's last jute mill closed in the 1. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end. In addition to jute the city is also known for jam and journalism. Keiller's marmalade became a famous brand because of its mass production and its worldwide export. The industry was never a major employer compared with the jute trade. Dundee between 1. Antarctic research ship used by Robert Falcon Scott, the RRS Discovery. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city, and the Victorian steel- framed works in which Discovery's engine was built is now home to the city's largest book shop. Dundee Island in the Antarctic takes its name from the Dundee whaling expedition, which discovered it in 1. Whaling ceased in 1. The bridge fell down in a storm less than a year later under the weight of a train full of passengers in what is known as the Tay Bridge disaster. None of the passengers survived. First, the jute industry was protected from cheap imports by the state. Tariffs and quotas were not allowed by the GATT agreements. Instead protection came through the continuation from 1. Jute Control system, by which the Ministry of Materials imported jute goods and sold them at an artificial price related to the cost of manufacture in Dundee. Third, labour unions and management ended the hard feelings that caused so much labour unrest and had come to a head in the dismal decade of unemployment in the 1. In the postwar cooperation, employers, unions and the city spoke with one voice. Success in managing jute's decline, and the brief brief. The golden age ended in the 1. Bangladesh, India, and South America, and the Thatcher government ended state support for British industry. By the 1. 99. 0s jute had disappeared from Dundee. This led to industrial action and after a major strike in 1. Dundee. Dundee's industrial heritage is traditionally summarised as . East- central Scotland became too heavily dependent on linens, hemp, and jute. Despite Indian competition and the cyclical nature of the trade which periodically ruined weaker companies, profits held up well in the 1. Typical firms were family affairs, even after the introduction of limited liability in the 1. The profits, either taken from the firms or left on interest, helped make the city an important source of overseas investment, especially in North America. The profits were seldom invested locally, apart from the linen trade, because low wages limited local consumption, and because there were no important natural resources, the region offered little opportunity for profitable industrial diversification. The chimney takes its name from jute baron James Cox who later became Provost of the city. Linen formed the basis for the growth of the textile industry in Dundee. During the 1. 8th and 1. Centuries, flax was imported from the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea for the production of linen. The trade supported 3. Crimean war put a stop to the trade. Textiles thus formed an important part of the economy long before the introduction of jute, but it was jute for rope- making and rough fabrics that helped put Dundee on the map of world trade. The industry suffered a slump in the early 1. Dundee and Lochee. In 1. 82. 5 Edward left the company and two younger brothers joined as partners, the firm being renamed Baxter Brothers and Co. Baxter Brothers became part of the Low and Bonar Group in 1. University College's co- founder and principal benefactor was William Baxter's daughter, Mary Ann Baxter. Edward Baxter's grandson Sir George Washington Baxter, was later president of the College. William's son Sir David Baxter left the bequest which would later be used to found the Technical Institute. It was originally owned by Laing and Sandeman and later Laing Brothers, before becoming the base of the Buist Spinning Company in 1. By the 1. 83. 0s, it was discovered that treatment with whale oil, a byproduct of Dundee's whaling industry, made the spinning of the jute fibre possible, which led to the development of a substantial jute industry in the city which created jobs for rural migrants. The industry was also notable for employing a high proportion of women. In 1. 90. 1 2. 5,0. Dundee. Dundee's jute industry was also notable in that a relatively high number of those employed in it were married women, which was unusual for the time. It was owned by Cox Brothers, whose family had been involved in the linen trade in Lochee since the early eighteenth century, and was constructed from 1. By 1. 87. 8 it had its own railway branch and employed 4,5. J Ernest Cox, the grandson of one of the founders of the firm, became chairman of Jute Industries in 1. In 1. 91. 3 the works covered 8 acres of ground. Like Cox Brothers, Harry Walker of sons became a part of Jute Industries in 1. Grimond Ltd, who owned the Bowbridge works in the Hilltown area. Gilroys was among the first companies in Dundee to directly import jute from India and its products included sacks, hessians and canvas. This was formed in the 1. Forfar firm of William and John Don & Co and A J Buist, the owners of Ward Mills in Dundee. In 1. 86. 7 the firm built the New Mill in Dundee's Lindsay Street. In the 1. 96. 0s Don Brothers, Buist and Co merged with the textile merchants Low Brothers & Co (Dundee) Ltd to form Don and Low, a group which eventually owned or operated several other textile firms. By 1. 95. 1 only 1. Dundee's workforce was employed in the jute industry, with the total number of female workers employed in the industry declining by 6. Ten million were produced by the time of derequisition in 1. The Cragie works closed for economic reasons at the end of 1. Ashton works. Commercial jute production in Dundee ceased in the 1. April 1. 96. 9. The last of the jute spinners closed in 1. 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